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As between-study heterogeneity can be underestimated or even zero when the number of studies is small 196,197 , we used Fishers information matrix to estimate the uncertainty of the heterogeneity 198 and incorporated that uncertainty into the final results

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Results Their results demonstrated that mothers who smoked both moderately and heavily during pregnancy tended to give birth to babies with abnormal muscle rigidity, which hampers proper movement and causes discomfort in the baby, difficulty feeding, and in some rare cases death due to sleep apnea

"Long-term consequences of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure: a critical review"