penn state e cigarette dependence index E-cigarette use to reduce smoking may not increase nicotine Development and initial validation of
Development and initial validation of a new self report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products Scientific Reports Relations among cigarette dependence, e cigarette dependence, and key dependence criteria among dual users of combustible and e cigarettes. In chapter 4 we discuss various methods of assessing nicotine dependence. Jonathan Foulds Nicotine dependence and associated factors among persons who use electronic e cigarettes in Malaysia an online survey Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy Springer Nature Link
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