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[6] [2] [3] Severe vitamin B 12 deficiency can damage nerve cells

Throughout the process of pyroptosis, caspase 1 is responsible for cell swelling (Fink and Cookson, 2006), DNA fragmentation (Bergsbaken and Cookson, 2007), the arrest of cell metabolism (Shao et al., 2007), and other related functions (Figure 3)

Mitochondrial Function & Cellular Energy Iron is a key cofactor in the electron transport chain within mitochondria, particularly in cytochromes responsible for oxidative phosphorylation

Consequently, the bacterias ability to maintain metabolic and homeostatic functions becomes compromised, aligning with previous findings indicating increased susceptibility to additional oxidative stress ( 5 Conclusion Our study highlights the profound metabolic perturbations induced by -lactam antibiotics in E.coli , elucidating distinct yet overlapping effects across different antibiotic classes