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In these individuals, high local accumulation under continuous microbial challenge can flip ET from a passive cytoprotectant into a proactive pro-inflammatory driver that triggers Th17 immune skewing

In vitro ROS production In vitro detection of ROS levels was assessed utilizing flow cytometry and CLSM

Hence, the application of nanotechnology could enhance the efficacy and improve their bioavailability by increasing solubility, enhancing plasma half-life, preventing degradation in the intestinal environment, and elevating permeation in the small intestine (Hu et al., 2017)

Plasma Napa concentration should be measured at 4 hours or later after ingestion (earlier concentrations are unreliable)