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Subsequently, caspase-1 cleaves GSDMD, releasing the GSDMD-NT fragment, which induces pore formation, cell swelling, and ultimately pyroptosis [82]

To deliver oxygen to the tissues, erythrocytes must be able to dynamically adapt to and compensate for the constantly changing flow conditions along the vascular tree and particularly in the narrowest capillaries to deform significantly without rupturing

In total, 40 adult female C57BL/6 mice were induced to enter anagen by depilation (day 0) and divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (CYP) received a single dose of CYP [150 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)/intraperitoneal injection (IP)] at day 9, group III (CYP & NAC) received a single dose of CYP at day 9 as well as NAC (500 mg/kg B.W./day/IP) from day 616, and group IV (NAC) received NAC from day 616

However, as the disease progresses, sustained abnormal glial activation triggers the overactivation of signaling pathways such as NF-B and p38 MAPK, leading to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF-, IL-6) (Newcombe et al., 2018