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Signals from the gut influence appetite, satiety, and energy balance through: The vagus nerve Hormonal signaling Microbial metabolites Key metabolic hormones produced or influenced by the gut include: GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) enhances insulin secretion and promotes satiety Peptide YY (PYY) signals fullness Ghrelin stimulates hunger When gut health is disrupted, these signals can become dysregulated, potentially contributing to overeating or impaired metabolic control

Moreover, in this study, the macrophage-derived EVs were intramyocardially injected, which limits its clinical applicability

NF-B in inflammasome regulation Inflammasomes are a group of intracellular multi-protein complexes assembled in response to PAMPs and DAMPs, and characterized by the activation of inflammatory caspases

This might argue for an altered compartmentalization of GPX3 in IPF, e.g