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FIGURE 2 3.2.1 TGF-1/Smad signaling pathway The TGF-1/Smad signaling axis is pivotal in the progression of renal fibrosis and constitutes a core mechanism in its pathophysiology ( 3.2.2 Inflammatory The pathogenesis of RF primarily involves inflammation-driven injury to tubular epithelial cells (TECs), and modulation of the inflammatory response has the potential to attenuate or reverse the progression of RF ( in vivo and in vitro models ( 3.2.3 AMPK pathway AMPK is instrumental in the initiation and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis

For example, kynurenine restrains melanoma and endothelioma cellular proliferation [136, 137], impairing DNA synthesis and inducing necrosis in melanoma cells, while promoting the -catenin pathway and colon cancer cells multiplication in a dose-dependent manner [138]

BMI, Body mass index

Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins