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HIF- is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that are recognized by the von HippelLindau protein (pVHL), causing HIF- to be ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome

Selenium has antioxidant properties that support detoxification processes

The accumulation of -syn into prefibrillar forms, and then its assembly into higher molecular weight aggregates, induces cellular toxicity and maybe the greatest contributor to pathogenesis in PD (Bengoa-Vergniory et al., Figure 1 Synaptic Vesicle Impairment -syn is typically localized to the presynaptic terminal where it associates with synaptic vesicles and influences membrane curvature (Maroteaux et al., 1988