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Formaldehyde is ranked as one of the top cardiovascular toxins also found in cigarette smoke

The accuracy of self-reported smoking: A systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status

Smoking Statistics Tobacco use is the number one cause of disease, disability, and death that can be prevented in the United States

In addition to the sensitivity analyses, the doseresponse risk estimates were also validated by plotting the mean risk function along with its 95% UI against both the extracted dose-specific RR data from the studies included and our previous doseresponse risk estimates from the GBD 2019 (ref