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Methodology Business as usual scenario Annual statistics published by the government on cigarette prices and retail sale volumes were entered into the WHO Tobacco Tax Simulation (TaXSiM) model to create a baseline profile of Chinas market in 2016.1013 This baseline includes the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finding from 2015 that 27.7% of adults smoke.2 The TaXSiM model was initially developed as a tool to predict the short-term impact of tax increases on average cigarette prices, consumption and excise revenue.14 15 However, it has been extended in this study by incorporating UN projections of key macroeconomic variables (adult population by gender, economic growth and inflation).16 17 Two microeconomic or behavioural variablesthe price and income elasticities of demandalso determine the path for cigarette consumption

The government uses the CPI to adjust New Zealand Superannuation and unemployment benefit payments once a year, to help ensure that these payments maintain their purchasing power

When oral leukoplakia is identified, the primary objective is to prevent it from progressing to invasive cancer using therapeutic approaches, such as classic knife excision, cryotherapy, and carbon dioxide laser therapy

Language is primarily a tool for communication rather than thought