To reduce the effect of bias, we adjusted observations that did not account for more than five confounders, including age and sex, because they were the significant bias covariates identified by the bias covariate selection algorithm 29 (Supplementary Table 7)
Some common causes of mouth ulcers are: Traumatic: Due to accidental bites of the tongue or cheeks Sharp tooth Dental procedures Braces and dentures Chemical burns Chewing tobacco and smoking Alcohol and drug abuse Hormonal imbalance Infections such as herpes simplex virus, hand, foot, and mouth disease, and infectious mononucleosis Psychological and physical stress Acidic fruits and vegetables such as lime, tomatoes, oranges, pineapple Medication such as painkillers and antibiotics Allergic reaction to certain medication Chemotherapy and radiation used in cancer therapy Allergic reactions to food, mouthwashes, toothpaste, or other products used in the mouth Acid reflux and peptic ulcer disease A weakened immune system due to underlying conditions such as HIV/AIDS and diabetes Autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Bechets disease Nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin B12, zinc, folic acid, or iron Gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac disease and Crohns disease SLIDESHOW See Slideshow How are mouth ulcers diagnosed
In experiments conducted on the test set, the algorithm achieved an F1-Score of 0.836, demonstrating its potential for practical deployment
Cannabis/marijuana Cannabis/marijuana (and hashish, hash oil, honey oil, wax...) is an illegal substance per the federal Controlled Substances Act
