glutathione synthetase deficiency vitamin e Frontiers The Potential Role of Vitamin

The reason why natural folate is significantly more effective than folic acid supplements may be due to the fact that folic acid supplements are metabolized to produce products such as tetrahydrofolate, which can have adverse health effects

Additional risk factors include: Chronic kidney disease : Reduced renal clearance may impair B12 excretion Liver disease : Hepatic dysfunction can disrupt B12 metabolism and storage Myeloproliferative disorders : Certain blood cancers increase B12-binding proteins Concurrent medication use : Some drugs may interact with B12 metabolism, including metformin, proton pump inhibitors, and H2 antagonists Patients with these conditions should have B12 supplementation carefully monitored by their healthcare team

Last updated on Jan 15, 2026

When examined by the exclusion of B 12 -supplement/injection users and/or antidepressant medication users, the results remained consistent in both the unadjusted and fully adjusted models (Table 4)